What Is a Stroke?
A stroke happens when blood flow to part of the brain is interrupted, cutting off oxygen and nutrients that brain cells need to survive. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. This makes stroke a medical emergency where every minute counts.
There are two main types:
- Ischemic stroke (most common, about 85% of cases): caused by a blood clot or blockage in an artery supplying the brain.
- Hemorrhagic stroke: caused by a blood vessel in or around the brain bursting, leading to bleeding that damages surrounding tissue.
What Is a TIA?
A Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), sometimes called a “mini-stroke,” happens when blood flow to the brain is briefly blocked. Symptoms are identical to a stroke but typically resolve within minutes to a few hours, usually without lasting damage.
A TIA is not something to shrug off.
It’s a warning sign — roughly 1 in 3 people who have a TIA go on to have a full stroke, often within days. A TIA should be treated with the same urgency as a stroke.
Recognizing the Signs — Think FAST
- F – Face drooping: One side of the face droops or feels numb.
- A – Arm weakness: One arm drifts downward when raised.
- S – Speech difficulty: Slurred speech or trouble finding words.
- T – Time to call emergency services: Note the time symptoms started and seek help immediately.
Other symptoms can include sudden confusion, vision problems, severe headache, dizziness, or loss of balance and coordination.
Why Fast Action Matters
Treatments for ischemic stroke, such as clot-dissolving medication, are most effective within a narrow time window after symptoms begin. Delaying care reduces treatment options and increases the risk of permanent disability.
Common Risk Factors
- High blood pressure
- Diabetes
- High cholesterol
- Smoking
- Atrial fibrillation and other heart conditions
- Obesity and physical inactivity
- Family history of stroke
Reducing Your Risk
- Manage blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol
- Stay physically active
- Eat a balanced, heart-healthy diet
- Avoid smoking and limit alcohol
- Attend regular check-ups, especially if you’ve had a TIA or stroke before
When to Seek Help
If you or someone else shows any signs of stroke or TIA, call emergency services immediately. Do not wait to see if symptoms pass — even temporary symptoms need urgent evaluation.